UC-NRLF 


eaa  077 


Prof.  E.J.Wickson 


rviAIN   LIBRARY-AGRICULTURE  DEPT 


RRIGATED 
GRICULTURE 


The  Dominant  Industry 
ol  California 


BY 


S.   FORTIER 

I  Charge  Pacific  District  Irrigation  and  Drainage  Investigations 
United  States  Department  of  Agriculture 


•OUTHERN  PACIFIC 


CHAS.  S.  FEE 

nger  Traffic  Manager 

San 


T.  H.  GOODMAN 

General  Passenger  Agent 


- 

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California  South  of  Tehachapi,  104  pages,  92  illustra- 
tions 

The  San  Joaquin  Valley,  112  pages,  109  illustiktions 
The  Sacramento  Valley,  112   pages,  118  illustrations 
The  Coast  Country,   128  pages,   104   illustrations 
Luther  Burbank,  by  E.  J.  Wickson,  48  pages 
Yosemite  National  Park  Album,  36  pages 

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Wayside  Notes  Along  Sunset  Route,  88  pages,  5c 
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Kings  River  Canyon  and  Giant  Forest,  32  pages,  5c 
Yosemite  Valley  Booklet,  32  pages,  5  cents 

The  Land  of  Opportunity,  by  A.  J.  Wells 

Big  Tree  Folder 

California   in   Miniature  Folder 

California  Map  Folder 

California's  Netherlands,  by  A.  J.  Wells 

Coast  Line  Resort  Folder 

Hotels,  Boarding  Houses  and  Resorts  on  South- 
ern Pacific 

Irrigated   Agriculture,  by   S.   Fortier 

Irrigation  of  the  Sacramento  Valley,  by  J.  B. 
Lippincott 

Lake  Tahoe  Resorts  Folder 

Lewis  and   Clark  Exposition,   Portland,   Folder 

The  Prune  Primer 

The  Orange   Primer 

The  Big  Tree  Primer 

The   Settler's  Primer 

Oregon   Map  Folder 

Outdoor  Life  in  California 

Plea  for  the  Old  California  Names 

Reclamation  of  Nevada,  by  A.  E.  Chandler 

Roads  of  Paso  Robles 

Shasta  Resorts  Folder 

Yosemite  Valley   Folder 

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SjT./S^N'JRANCISCO,  GAL. 


IRRIGATING   VINEYARD 


IRRIGATED  AGRICULTURE 

The  Dominant  Industry  of  California 


California  has  always  been  considered  a  state  of 
great  possibilities.  Her  mines  and  her  commerce 
and  her  climate  and  agriculture  have  long  been  the 
theme  of  inspiring  pen-pictures.  With  a  range  of 
climate  and  soil  and  of  mountain  and  valley  more 
varied  than  that  possessed  by  any  of  her  sister  states, 
with  a  geographical  position  and  commercial  facilities 
naturally  favorable  to  intensive  development,  she  has 
ranked  as  the  leader  in  the  upbuilding  of  western 
America.  But  while  her  gold,  her  seaports,  her 
forests  and  commerce  have  made  her  position 
unique  among  the  states,  her  future  has  always  been 
considered  bound  up  in  her  agriculture.  Over  half 
a  century  of  development  has  shown  that  ii;  tjue  agri- 
culture is  to  be  the  best  of^vlucS.  thfc3 state  ^  capable, 


572551 


it  must  be  founded  on  irrigation,  and  for  years  the 
careful  husbandman  has,  over  a  large  portion  of  the 
state  at  least,  made  the  artificial  application  of  water 
to  land  an  important  part  of  his  industry.  Hence  it 
is  that  any  treatment  of  irrigation  in  California  must 
consider  not  only  what  has  been  accomplished  but 
what  seems  possible  of  accomplishment  in  the  future. 
The  total  land  area  of  California  is  approximately 
one  hundred  million  acres.  According  to  conservative 
estimates  based  on  the  irrigation  census  of  1902,  two 
million  of  those  acres  are  being  watered  at  this  time. 
This  statement,  however,  does  not  convey  a  true  idea 
of  the  relative  importance  of  irrigation  to  agriculture 
in  California.  Professors  Hilgard  and  Lough  ridge, 
of  the  University  of  California,  estimate  that  only 
fourteen  million  acres,  or  about  one-seventh  of  the 
total  area,  is  valley  agricultural  land,  so  that  the 
two  million  acres  irrigated  comprise  one-seventh  of 
the  irrigable  land  of  the  state.  This  estimate  does 
not  include  the  tillable  upper  mesas  and  mountain 
valleys,  both  of  which  contain  large  areas  of  irrigable 
land.  Yet  this  is  not  the  whole  truth.  In  1902,  one- 


IJ?J?JQATI$JG  ^N  ^OI?ANGE  GROVE 


quarter  of  all  the  irrigated  land  in  the  United  States 
was  in  California,  and  this  state  ranked  first  in  the 
total  number  of  irrigated  farms  and  in  the  total  con- 
struction cost  of  systems.  The  highest  priced  irri- 
gated land  in  America  is  found  in  California,  and  in 
no  other  state  has  water  for  irrigation  reached  so 
high  a  value,  or  been  as  carefully  and  as  economically 
used.  And  in  no  other  state  is  there  so  great  an  area 
of  fertile  farming  land  for  which  the  available  water 
supply  is  so  large. 

Irrigation  development  in  California,  like  other 
developments,  has  followed  the  lines  of  most  evident 
financial  returns.  So  it  is  that  the  localities  of  least 
annual  and  summer  rainfall  were  the  first  to  be  re- 
claimed by  the  artificial  use  of  water.  The  tide  of 
irrigation,  however,  has  been  moving  steadily  north- 
ward, and  excepting  in  the  mountainous  sections  and 
the  sections  of  excessive  rainfall,  the  necessity  for  irri- 
gation, or  at  least  the  value  of  it  where  it  is  not  a  com- 
plete necessity,  is  almost  universally  recognized. 
While  heretofore,  then,  irrigation  has  followed  the  line 
of  most  evident  return,  in  the  future  it  will  follow  the 
available  water  supply. 

The  water  supply  of  the  state  is  in  its  streams  and 
wells.  The  wells  now  aug  and  in  use  are  chiefly  in 
Southern  California  and  in  the  lower  San  Joaquin 
and  the  Santa  Clara  Valleys.  Only  the  larger  streams 
of  the  State  have  been  measured  and  without  reliable 
data  it  is  impossible  to  estimate  the  flow  in  the 
hundreds  of  smaller  streams.  The  supply  in  the 
larger  streams  is  distributed  as  shown  in  the  follow- 
ing summary. 

Total  mean  annual  flow  of  California  streams  in 
acre-feet. 

Location  of  streams  Acre-feet 

In  Sacramento  Valley 15,000,000 

In  San  Joaquin  Valley 19,000,000 

In  Salinas  Valley 500,000 

In  Southern  California 170,000 


Total,  34,670,000 


LA  GRANGE  DAM  OF  THE  TUOLUMNE 

Leaving  out  of  consideration  the  water  supply 
available  in  the  creeks  and  smaller  rivers,  thirty-four 
million  acre-feet  of  water  is  sufficient  to  cover  the 
fourteen  million  acres  of  agricultural  land  in  Cali- 
fornia to  a  depth  of  two  and  one-half  feet,  which  in 
most  soils  is  ample  for  the  growth  of  all  crops  This 
vast  quantity  of  water  can  never  be  entirely  used  in 
irrigation  because  it  cannot  be  fully  controlled,  but 
the  statement  of  it  shows  the  tremendous  poten- 
tialities of  California  irrigated  agriculture. 

What  California  is  now  accomplishing  by  irrigation 
can  partly  be  told  by  using  as  a  basis  the  irrigation 
census  of  1902.  According  to  this  census,  1,708,720 
acres  was  irrigated  in  1902,  which  was  an  increase  of 
18.2  per  cent  over  the  area  irrigated  in  1899.  From 
1902  to  1905  the  increase  has  been  more  rapid,  so  that 
it  is  safe  to  assert  that  over  2,000,000  acres  are  being 
watered  at  this  time.  This  vast  area,  comprising 
35,000  irrigated  farms,  is  raising  one-third  of  the  total 
agricultural  produce  of  the  State,  and  taking  into 
consideration  the  present  high  value  of  irrigated 
crops,  particularly  of  alfalfa,  it  is  reasonable  to  con- 

—  4  — 


elude  that  these  irrigated  lands  produce,  on  an 
average,  crops  to  the  value  of  $25  per  acre,  or 
$50,000,000  per  annum.  Using  the  figures  that  were 
true  up  to  1902  as  a  basis,  the  total  cost  of  systems 
which  make  this  return  possible  has  been  over 
$27,000,000,  or  over  $13.50  per  acre.  The  significance 
of  this  last  figure  is  apparent  when  it  is  remembered 
that  it  is  nearly  one-half  the  total  value  of  land  and 
buildings  invested  in  manufactures  in  California  in 
1900. 

It  has  already  been  stated  that  irrigation  was  first 
resorted  to  in  California  in  those  sections  where  a 
profit  from  irrigation  was  first  most  evident.  These 
sections  have  of  course  been  where  the  rainfall  is 
least.  In  that  portion  of  the  state  south  of  Tehachapi 
commonly  known  as  Southern  California,  the  develop- 
ment of  irrigation  was  rapid,  continuing  with  bounds 
until  the  water  supply  available  in  the  streams  was 
practically  exhausted.  Since  then  the  irrigated  area 
has  been  extended  only  by  resort  to  pumping  from 
wells  and  by  endeavoring  to  make  the  water  already 
diverted  irrigate  two  acres  where  it  irrigated  only  one 
before.  The  total  area  irrigated  in  Southern  Califor- 
nia, from  streams,  in  1902  was  57,482  acres,  and 
probably  150,000  of  the  182,211  acres  irrigated  from 
wells  and  springs  are  south  of  Tehachapi,  making  a 
total  for  Southern  California  of  207,000  acres,  or  9.7 
per  cent  of  the  2,000,000  acres  watered  in  the  entire 
state.  This  does  not  include  the  irrigation  from 
Colorado  River,  which  was  about  10,000  acres  in 
1902,  but  which  is  much  increased  since  then.  North 
of  the  Tehachapi,  the  largest  area  irrigated  was  from 
the  San  Joaquin  Valley  streams,  principally  San 
Joaquin,  Kings  and  Kern  Rivers.  Here  a  total  of 
908,182  acres  received  water,  which  was  53  per  cent 
of  the  total  irrigated  area.  From  Sacramento 
River  and  tributaries  only  194,900  acres  were  being 
irrigated,  and  the  remaining  land  under  water  was 
located  on  independent  streams  throughout  the 
state.  Outside  of  Southern  California,  the  principal 

—  5  — 


areas  irrigated  from  wells  and  springs  were  located 
in  the  lower  San  Joaquin  and  in  Santa  Clara  Valleys. 

The  foregoing  is  a  brief  statement  of  what  has  been 
accomplished  by  private  enterprise  during  less  than 
half  a  century  in  reclaiming  a  portion  of  the  irrigable 
lands  in  California.  The  attention  of  the  reader  has 
likewise  been  called  to  the  natural  resources  in  both 
land  and  water  which  remain  undeveloped,  awaiting 
the  concerted  action  of  industrious  farmers.  Notwith- 
standing the  magnitude  of  this  task,  we  believe  that 
it  can  be  accomplished.  The  same  intelligence, 
energy  and  perseverance  which  wrested  two  million 
acres  from  barren  sands  and  unproductive  grain 
fields  and  made  them  yield  crops  worth  fifty  million 
dollars  a  year  can  reclaim  other  millions  of  acres. 

What  is  most  needed  in  this  state  and  what  we 
should  most  highly  prize  is  an  influx  of  industrious 
settlers,  each  possessing  sufficient  means  to  enable 
him  to  make  a  fair  start  along  the  line  of  irrigated 
agriculture.  The  opportunities  open  to  this  class  are 
exceptionally  good.  All  of  the  natural  advantages 
essential  to  the  success  of  the  irrigated  farm  are  to 
be  found  in  the  Great  Central  Valley  of  California— 


HEADGATES  ON  TURLOCK  CANAL 

—  6  — 


fertile  soil,  good  climate  and  an  abundant  water  sup- 
ply. Yet  these  natural  gifts  count  for  little  when 
unutilized.  We  need  the  intelligent  brain  and  the 
trained  hand  of  thousands  of  farmers  to  make  the 
best  possible  use  of  these  advantages.  In  much  of 
this  work  no  large  amount  of  capital  is  required.  The 
individual,  mutual  company  and  irrigation  district 
can  reclaim  an  additional  two  million  acres  in  a 
manner  similar  to  the  successful  efforts  of  like 
agencies  in  the  past.  In  this  connection  it  may  be  a 
surprise  to  some  to  learn  that  there  are  nearly  a  mil- 
lion acres  of  rich  valley  land  now  under  ditch,  but 
which  is  not  irrigated  on  account  of  lack  of  settlers. 
Much  of  this  land  is  for  sale  at  reasonable  prices. 
The  water  supply  for  a  much  larger  area  is  readily 
accessible  and  both  land  and  water  can  be  united 
under  the  most  favorable  circumstances  whenever 
a  sufficient  number  of  citizens  join  to  bring  it  about. 

This  dominant  industry  of  California  is  in  no  dan- 
ger of  languishing  for  a  few  years  to  come  on  account 
of  the  lack  of  irrigation  canals  and  storage  reservoirs. 
The  state  is  now  filling  up  at  the  rate  of  about  100,000 
people  a  year  and  there  is  sufficient  unirrigated  land 
now  under  canal  systems  to  provide  for  the  farmers 
among  the  newcomers  for  the  next  ten  years.  The 
settlers  should  understand,  however,  that  there  are 
difficulties  in  the  way  of  irrigation  in  California,  as 
there  are  wherever  irrigation  is  practiced.  A  brief 
review  of  some  of  these  may  not  be  out  of  place. 

It  has  been  stated  that  nearly  a  million  acres  of 
fertile  valley  land  is  now  under  ditches,  but  unirri- 
gated. Much  of  this  land  has  been  cultivated  for 
years,  but  it  does  not  necessarily  follow  that  it  is 
ready  to  receive  water.  It  may  cost  on  an  average 
of  $15  per  acre  to  construct  permanent  farm  ditches 
and  to  prepare  the  surface  for  irrigation.  The 
exact  cost  of  this  depends  upon  the  method  of  irri- 
gation to  be  followed  and  the  degree  of  refinement 
practiced  in  the  preparation  of  the  ground.  Definite 
statistics  and  figures  regarding  this  are  available  in 

—  7  — 


PUMPING  PLANT  IN  SANTA  CLARA  VALLEY 

Run  by  electric  power  and  discharging  950  galls,  per  minute 

numerous  publications,  but  notably  in  Bulletin  145 
of  the  Office  of  Experiment  Stations  of  the  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture.  This  bulletin 
tells  not  only  the  experience  of  irrigators  in  Califor- 
nia, but  of  irrigators  throughout  the  West.  If  the 
task  of  preparing, land  is  attempted  by  settlers  from 
the  humid  states  without  their  first  making  every 
effort  to  avail  themselves  of  the  experience  of  older 
irrigators,  partial  failures  at  least  will  be  apt  to  re- 
sult. And  in  addition  to  the  perplexities  of  preparing 
land  for  irrigation,  others  equally  trying  are  quite 
sure  to  be  encountered  in  applying  water  to  land. 
Most  beginners  use  too  much  water.  The  evils  of 
this,  including  the  waste  of  valuable  water  and  injury 
to  crops  and  soil,  are  apt  to  be  considerable,  and 
every  effort  should  be  made  to  see  that  they  are 
avoided.  Requirements  and  practice  vary  with 
localities,  but  in  every  locality  there  are  some  careful 
irrigators  whose  advice,  well  mixed  with  common 
sense,  will  help  to  guide  the  newcomer  along  a  safe 
path. 


Besides  the  practical  difficulty  of  preparing  land 
and  applying  water,  the  irrigator  in  California  must 
give  careful  attention  to  problems  of  rightful  owner- 
ship and  equitable  distribution  of  water.  Nature 
usually  provides  an  abundant  quantity  of  snow  on  the 
elevated  ranges  to  supply  the  soil  of  the  valleys  with 
the  requisite  amount  of  moisture,  provided  it  is 
properly  husbanded  or  made  available  for  use  at  the 
proper  time  by  storage;  but  the  State,  unfortunately, 
has  failed  to  make  adequate  provision  for  determin- 
ing the  rights  of  claimants  to  water  or  for  distributing 
to  each  his  equitable  portion.  As  conditions  now 
exist,  some  receive  too  much,  while  others  receive 
too  little.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that  before  long  the  State 
will  do  as  much  toward  protecting  the  rights  of  irri- 
gators  as  some  of  the  other  western  states  have  done. 
In  the  meantime,  with  their  characteristic  determina- 
tion to  do  things  in  spite  of  difficulties,  Californians 
are  making  the  best  they  can  of  the  opportunities 
that  are  afforded.  With  more  Californians  these 
difficulties  will  grow  less,  because  with  an  increase 
in  population  and  a  higher  development  of  irrigated 
agriculture,  there  is  bound  to  result  on  the  part  of  the 
State  a  larger  and  better  understanding  of  the  needs 
of  peaceful  and  successful  growth. 

The  cultivation  of  the  soil  rendered  productive  by 
the  use  of  water  constitutes  the  leading  industry  of 
California.  Being  thus  dependent  to  a  large  extent 
on  soil  and  water,  the  progress  of  the  entire  state 
may  be  accurately  gauged  by  that  of  irrigated  agri- 
culture. Through  the  liberality  of  the  State  Legis- 
lature and  the  Federal  Government,  appropriations 
have  been  made  to  assist  all  those  who  are  endeavor- 
ing to*  make  arid  or  partially  arid  lands  productive. 
This  work  as  regards  that  branch  which  is  conducted 
by  the  Irrigation  and  Drainage  Investigations  of  the 
U.  S.  Department  of  Agriculture  comprises  the  fol- 
lowing lines  of  investigations:  (1)  The  proper  way 
to  prepare  the  surface  of  land  to  receive  water  and 
the  best  method  of  applying  it;  (2)  the  prevention 

—  9  — 


of  waste  in  irrigation  water;  (3)  pumping  water  for 
irrigation;  (4)  the  use  and  distribution  of  water  in 
irrigation  districts;  and  (5)  the  value  of  water  in 
fruit  raising. 

The  field  is  so  large  and  there  is  so  much  that 
might  be  done  that  it  is  difficult  to  decide  which  shall 
toe  undertaken  first.  In  briefly  reviewing  what  has 
ibeen  accomplished  during  the  past  year  the  value  of 
'each  line  of  investigation  to  the  people  of  California 
may  be  better  understood. 

Several  million  acres  of  fertile  valley  soil  are  now 
•cultivated  without  the  use  of  water  and  of  this  vast 
area  about  one  million  acres  has  been  placed  under 
ditch  and  can  be  purchased  at  low  rates  and  success- 
fully irrigated.  The  yearly  influx  of  people  to  Cali- 
fornia is  probably  not  far  from  100,000  and  of  this 
number  a  large  proportion  is  seeking  small  farms 
which  can  be  irrigated.  The  ultimate  success  of 
these  new  settlers  will  depend  to  a  considerable 
degree  in  beginning  right.  We  feel  confident  that 
a  recent  publication  of  this  office,  describing  suit- 
able methods  of  preparing  land  and  applying  water, 
has  done  much  to  assist  this  class. 

In  some  portions  of  California  water  is  still  cheap 
and  abundant  and  irrigators  use  it  with  a  lavish  hand. 
Even  under  these  favorable  conditions  it  should  not 


WOOD   DROP  ON   MODESTO   CANAL 

—  10  — 


be  wasted,  for  good  land  is  often  damaged  by 
an  excess  of  water.  In  other  portions  of  the  state 
water  is  scarce  and  is  yearly  becoming  more  valuable. 
How  to  conserve  it  by  preventing  waste  is  one  of  the 
most  important  problems.  Before  applying  a  remedy 
it  was  necessary  to  find  out  what  percentage  was 
wasted.  This  has  been  done  by  ascertaining  the 
seepage  losses  from  ditches  and  canals,  the  amount 
of  moisture  evaporated  from  soils,  and  the  waste 
caused  by  faulty  methods  of  preparing  the  surface 
and  applying  the  water.  These  combined  losses  are 
so  great  that  large  expenditures  are  warranted  in 
reducing  the  waste. 

The  owners  of  pumping  plants  in  California  are 
expending  from  one  to  two  million  dollars  annually 
in  raising  water  .from  wells.  In  studying  the  results 
of  a  large  number  of  mechanical  tests  of  such  plants 
which  have  been  made  by  our  engineers  during  the 
past  year,  it  is  evident  that  a  great  saving  can  be 
effected.  The  greater  number  have  one  or  more 
defects  which  lessens  their  efficiency  and  which,  if 
pointed  out,  might  be  remedied  in  many  cases  at 
small  coat.  Other  plants  are  not  well  adapted  to 
the  work  which  they  are  made  to  perform,  or  else 
are  not  operated  in  a  way  to  secure  the  highest 
efficiency.  The  cost  of  pumping  water  can  be 
still  further  reduced  by  the  establishment  of  central 
power  plants  which  will  generate  electric  current  to 
operate  the  pumps  that  are  now  dependent  on  separ- 
ate plants.  In  this  way,  one  central  plant  might  do 
the  work  of  100  individual  plants  at  less  than  one-half 
the  cost.  The  results  of  the  investigations  on  pump- 
ing plants  have  been  compiled  and  are  now  being 
printed  by  the  Government. 

Another  bulletin  now  in  the  hands  of  the  Govern- 
ment printer,  deals  with  the  use  and  distribution  of 
water  in  the  Modesto  and  Turlock  Irrigation  Districts. 
The  people  of  these  districts,  after  more  than  a 
decade  of  continuous  litigation,  have  compromise^ 
their  differences  and  joined  hands  in  a  determined, 

—  11  — 


15  FT.   CEMENT   DROP,    MODESTO   CANAL 

•effort  to  win  success.  The  wonderful  progress 
which  they  have  made  in  the  past  two  years  cannot 
tout  prove  helpful  to  a  score  or  more  of  similar  dis- 
tricts which  have  not  as  yet  effected  their  reorganiza- 
tion. It  is  largely  with  a  view  to  encouraging  these 
laggards  that  the  work  in  the  Modesto  and  Turlock 
Districts  was  undertaken.  The  publication  treats  of 
the  amount  of  water  needed  for  the  production  of 
•crops,  the  loss  by  seepage,  the  keeping  of  records  of 
canal  flow,  and  a  complete  system  for  the  equitable 
distribution  of  the  water. 

A  report  on  the  value  of  irrigation  in  fruit  growing 
is  likewise  in  press,  and  may  soon  be  obtained  by 
the  orchardist  of  California.  The  investigation  was 
confined  to  localities  having  an  annual  rainfall  of 
from  15  to  25  inches  and  where  fruit  can  be  produced 
by  the  natural  rainfall.  The  result,  however,  was 
the  fullest  demonstration  of  the  value  of  irrigation 
water  in  securing  the  full  and  perfect  development 
of  the  fruit. 


Reprinted  from  the  Fifteenth  Annual  Report  of 
California  State  Board  of  Trade,  submitted  March 
14,  1905. 

—  12  — 


SOUTHERN  PACIFIC  COMPANY 

REPRESENTATIVES  PASSENGER  DEPARTMENT 

CHAS.  S.  FEK,  Passenger  Traffic  Manager.... ...San  Francisco,  Cal. 

T.  H.  GOODMAN,  General  Passenger  Agent San  Francisco,  Cal, 

R  A.  DONALDSON,  Asst.  Gen.  Pass.  Agent San  Francisco,  Cal. 

JAS.  HORSBURGH,  JR.,  Asst.  Gen.  Pass.  Agent San  Francisco,  Cal. 

H.  R.  JUDAH,  Asst.  Gen.  Pass.  Agent San  Francisco,  Cal. 

T.  A.  GRAHAM,  Asst.  Gen.  Pass.  Agent Los  Angeles,  Cal. 

A.  L.  CRAIG,  Gen.  Pass.  Agent,  Oregon  Lines Portland,  Or. 

THOS.  J.  ANDERSON,  Gen.  Pass.  Agt..  G.  H.  &  S.  A.  Ry... Houston,  Tex. 

F.  E.  BATTURS,  G.  P.  A.,  M.  L.  &  T.  R.  R New  Orleans,  La. 

J.  A.  NAUGLE,  Gen.  Pass.  Agt.,  Sonora  Ry Guaymas,  Mex 

GENERAL  AGENTS 

ATLANTA,  GA.— J.  F.  Van  Rensselaer,  Gen.  Agt 13  Peachtree  St. 

BALTIMORE — B.  B.  Barber,  Agt Piper  Building 

BOSTON,  MASS.— E.  E.  Currier,  New  England  Agt..l70  Washington  St. 

BUTTE,  MONT.— H.  O.  Wilson,  General  Agent,  O.  R.  &  N.  Co 

105  North  Main  St. 

CHICAGO,  ILL. — W.  G.  Neimver,  Gen.  Agent: 120  Jackson  Boulevard 

CINCINNATI,  OHIO— W.  H.  Connor,  Gen.  Agent 53  East  Fourth  St. 

DENVER,  COLO. — Wm.  K.  McAllister,  General  Agent 

: 1112  Seventeenth  St. 

DETROIT,  MICH.— F.  B.  Choate,  Gen.  Agent 126  Woodward  Ave. 

KANSAS  CITY,  Mo.— H.  G.  Kaill,  Gen.  Agent 901  Walnut  St. 

MEXICO  CITY,  MEX.— E.  M.  Cousin,  General  Agent 

la  Independencia,  23 

NEW  YORK,  N.  Y.— L.  H.  Nutting,  General  Eastern  Passenger 

Agent., 349  Broadway 

PHILADELPHIA,  PA.— R.  J.  Smith,  Agent , 632  Chestnut  St. 

PITTSBURG,  PA.— G.  G.  Herring,  General  Agent 511  Park  Bldg. 

SALT  LAKK  CITY,  UTAH.— D   R.  Gray,  Gen.  Agent 201  Main  St. 

SEATTLE,  WASH. — E.  E.  Ellis,  General  Agent 618  First  Ave. 

ST.  Louis,  Mo.— J.  H.  Lothrop,  General  Agent 903  Olive  St. 

SYRACUSE,  N.  Y.— F.  T.  Brooks,  New  York  State  Agent 

212  West  Washington  St. 

TACOMA,  WASH.— Robt.  Lee,  Agent 1203  Pacific  Ave. 

WASHINGTON,  D.  C.— A.  J.  Poston,  General  Agent,  Sunset  Ex- 
cursions  511  Pennsylvania  Ave. 

DISTRICT  PASSENGER  AGENTS 

FRESNO,  CAL.— C.  M.  Burkhalter,  Dist.  Pass.  &  Frt.  Agt. .. 1013  J  Street 
Los  ANGELES,  CAL.— N.  R.  Martin,  Dist.  Pass.  Agt 

2H1  South  Spring  St. 

OAKLAND,  CAL.— G.  T.  Forsyth,  Dist.  Pass.  &  Frt.  Agt 

12  San  Pablo  Ave. 

RENO,  NEV.— A.  H.  Rising,  Acting  Dist.  Passenger  and  Freight  Agent 
SACRAMENTO,  CAL.— J.  R.  Gray,  Dist.  Passenger  and  Freight  Agent 
SAN  FRANCISCO,  CAL.— A.  S.  Mann,  District  Passenger  Agent 

613  Market  St. 

SAN  JOSE.  CAL.— E.  ShilHngsburg,  District  Pass.  &  Frt.  Agt 

16  South  First  St. 

TUCSON,  ARIZ.— E.  G.  Humphrey,  District  Pass.  &  Frt.  Agt 


SINGAPORE— T.  D.  McKay,  General  Passenger  Agent,  S.  F.  O.  R. 

Rudolph  Falck,  General  European  Passenger  Agent.  Amerikahaus,  25, 
27  Ferdinand  Strasse,  Hamburg,  Germany;  49  Leadenhall  St., 
London.  E.  C.,  England;  18  Cockspur  St.,  London,  W.  E.,  Eng- 
land; 25,  Water  Street,  Liverpool,  England;  118  Wynhaven,  S.  S. 
Rotterdam.  Netherlands;  11  Rue  Chappelle  de  Grace,  Antwerp, 
Belgium;  39  Rue  St.  Augustin,  Paris,  Prance. 


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